Month: May 2012

Scientists Turn Skin Tissue into Beating Heart Cells

Scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa have transformed skin tissue into beating heart cells, forging a path for further research into more effective post-heart attack therapy options.

The breakthrough may eventually pose as a solution for patients with severe organ damage by eliminating the risk of rejection by the body’s own immune system. For now, the cells have not been returned to patients, though they are healthy and beat in tandem with those of other heart cells in lab rats.

“We have shown that it’s possible to take skin cells from an elderly patient with advanced heart failure and end up with his own beating cells in a laboratory dish that are healthy and young- the equivalent to the stage his heart cells were in when he was just born,” explained Lior Gepstein, a cardiologist working on the project.

The original theory was suggested back in 2007 by two separate teams of scientists; Shinya Yamanaka in Japan and James Thomson in the U.S. Both researchers discovered ‘pluripotency’ genes that could apparently bring older cells back to a much younger developmental stage.

In the Israeli study, the scientists took skin cells from two heart attack survivors over the age of 50. With the help of three pluripotency genes, they brought them back to an immature stage, and then grew them into brand new heart muscle tissue.
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“What was interesting was the cells could integrate with the rat tissue and contract in synchrony,” Gepstein said once the cells were injected and accepted by the rats’ hearts. “If you put the cells in and they beat with a completely different timing, you wouldn’t see any improvement in heart function and may even cause a dangerous arrhythmia.”

A consultant cardiologist at Edinburgh University, Nicholas Mills, said: “More people are surviving following a heart attack than ever before and therefore the number of people living with a damaged heart and heart failure is increasing. Unfortunately, the body has only very limited capacity to repair the heart following a heart attack, There is therefore an urgent need to develop effective and safe treatments to regenerate the heart.”

He added, “this technology needs to be refined before it can be used for the treatment of patients with heart failure, but these findings are encouraging and take us a step closer to our goal of identifying an effective means of repairing the heart and limiting the consequences of heart failure.”

Certain Orangutans Able to Control Their Sexual Maturation

In a fascinating scientific discovery, researchers have found that the orangutans of Sumatra in the Indonesian islands have found a way to hold off their sexual maturity for up to ten years.  This delayed development allows them to mature only as they are old enough and strong enough to fight off stronger males.  As far as researchers can tell, no other primate species, even the orangutans’ cousins in nearby Borneo, are able to do so.

Gauri Pradha, a University of South Florida researcher, found with her team that these orangutans can hold off the growth of their secondary sexual features for as long as ten years. Typically, male orangutans are able to reproduce at 15, but they won’t attract female attention until they have their secondary sexual characteristics which include cheek flanges and increased muscle.

What the researchers found to be truly amazing was that the sexual development of the secondary traits was delayed only in orangutan groups where a few dominant males controlled all of the females.  Such arrested development wasn’t documented for groups of orangutans in Bornean where male orangutans didn’t monopolize individual females.

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In the troops in Sumatra, the orangutans would delay their development until they had enough strength to depose the dominant males – then they would quickly reach sexual maturity.

Researchers still do not know how they are able to control their sexual maturation and whether or not they do so consciously.

The Robot Zoo Tours the U.S.

 

Robotic House Fly

The Robot Zoo by John Kelly, Philip Whitfield and Obin is a children’s book designed to help kids explore how animals and their bodies work.

The book description reads “Cutaway images of robots and their animal partners explore the intricacies of each of the animals depicted, using a mechanical approach to clearly and vividly explain the digestive and circulatory systems, movement, and adaptation process.”

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Now, the inspiring education method has been brought to life in the form of a traveling exhibit, showcasing the biomechanics of numerous animals. Featuring giant robotic animal figures like house flies, chameleons and even a platypus, the project provides an interactive approach to how animals work, both inside and out.

The bodies’ muscles, brains, intestines and even circulatory systems are replaced with pistons, filtering pipes and computers, which the visitors can explore with the help of interactive switches and buttons.

Opening Memorial Day Weekend at the East Tennessee State University’s natural history museum, the exhibit will run through Labor Day. It has already visited numerous museums throughout the U.S.

Overweight Teens at Risk of Heart Problems

Recent data has revealed that more than half of the United States’ overweight teens are at risk of heart problems as a result of high blood pressure, blood sugar levels or cholesterol. Children who are obese are even more susceptible to these conditions.

“What this is saying, unfortunately, is that we’re losing the battle early with many kids,” said University of Colorado School of Medicine’s Dr. Stephen Daniels. He added that people can guard their health and minimize risk of heart disease by reaching the ages 45-50 while maintaining a healthy weight, normal blood pressure and cholesterol, and no diabetes.

The figure above was discovered through a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study researching 3,383 teens between the ages 12 and 19. The project included interviews, weight monitoring, regular measurements and medical tests.

Though the study revealed that being overweight can dramatically increase risk to heart health, it also suggested that the obesity levels are not rising in the U.S.

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“All of us are looking for some sign or signal that we’re making headway,” said Dr. William Mahle of Emory University. “So that was reassuring.”

However, the amount of diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions are climbing at an alarming rate, baffling the doctors involved in the study. Some believe the numbers are a result of less accurate testing devices, while others believe there is a different underlying cause.

“This study is just a first step to identify problems in youth. More work needs to be done to identify why this is happening and the advantages of using various test methods in this population,” said CDC epidemiologist Ashleigh May.

Circus Computer Game Helps Stroke Victims

A new computer game, Circus Challenge, just might help stroke patients to do more than enjoy the circus.  Newcastle University neuroscientists in England have created the interactive games where players work to master the skills necessary in a circus.  While enjoying themselves at the games, users don’t realize that they are actually using specific hand, arm and wrist movements that help patients to regain control of limbs that have been weakened from a stroke.

Janet Eyre, a professor of pediatric neuroscience, is hoping that the games can help with patient rehabilitation when used consistently at home. As Professor Eyre explained, “The brain can re-learn control of the weak arm but this needs frequent therapy over many months and there are not enough therapists to provide this on a one-to-one basis. Patients need to be able to use both their arms and hands for most every day activities such as doing up a zip, making a bed, tying shoe laces, unscrewing a jar. With our video game, people get engrossed in the competition and action of the circus characters and forget that the purpose of the game is for therapy.”

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The first of the games, paid for by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund, could be on sale early next year. Certainly, those who created the games hope that they can create similar models for cerebral palsy sufferers, for dementia and more.

Dr. Peter Coleman, of the Stroke Association, explained that the medical cuts have decreased the amount of physiotherapy that patients can receive. Video games of this sort can be used in tandem with physiotherapy to help patients. He warned, however, that “It’s important that they do not replace physiotherapists but instead support the vital work they do.”

Top 5 Vacation Destinations for Graduates

Summer is approaching, and with it the opportunity for soon-to-be graduates to celebrate their successful completion of their degrees.

According to Travel Ticker, the top five vacation destinations for such travelers are:

  1. Amsterdam, Netherlands– The best time to go is between October and April, when deals will be cheaper and crowds sparser. The city offers both historical and modern attractions, including the Van Gogh Museum, Anne Frank House, and incomparable night life. Bike- friendly routes make the trip much more hands-on and affordable, too
  2. Havan, Cuba- Though the island has been forbidden to American citizens in the past, the restrictions have been removed. Now the beaches, coral reefs, night life, culture and music are right at grads’ fingertips!

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  3. Dublin, Ireland- Everyone knows the Irish are the best at celebrating- anything! The city’s scenery and climate are perfect in May and June, and the locals are welcoming all year round.
  4. Ibiza, Spain- Often mentioned in hip-hop music nowadays, the city is known for its outstanding night life, beautiful azure beaches and amazing DJs. The weather is perfect right as the semester ends, making it a perfect destination for those looking to party.
  5. Prague, Czech Republic- Prague is the best destination to truly unwind, providing a more laid back and old-Europe experience. With amazing architecture, the Vltava River and great beer, the region is perfect for backpacking and exploration.