Dinos Slimmed-Down By Scientists (To a Mere 23 Tons)

From Bones to Flesh- The Australian Museum

Scientists have discovered that the weight and mass of dinosaurs may be much lower than previously believed.

A new technique allows experts to estimate the weight of prehistoric animals by measuring something other than their weight and volume. The method will undoubtedly change all current illustrations of the creatures, and provide insight into their unique anatomies.

William Sellers of the University of Manchester’s Faculty of Life Sciences led his team in a project that measured the amount of skin needed to wrap around the skeletons of large animals such as elephants, giraffes and polar bears. The test revealed that almost all of the specimens had 21% percent more body mass than the minimal skin and bone volume.

“This is a huge help for any sort of reconstruction,” Sellers said. “We now have a number that suggests how much flesh to add to the bones and that should help people produce animals that are the right balance of too fat or too thin.”
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He added, “This technique can also allow you to calculate the numbers you need for more sophisticated reconstructions, such as the running simulations we have produced in the past.”

The researchers applied their findings to the skeleton of a brachiosaur in a museum in Berlin. This dinosaur was previously believed to have weighed around 176,370 pounds. According to the new estimate, however, the figure was reduced to 50,706; a mere fraction of the original weight!

“The 23-ton weight is quite low, but I think it reflects the fact that all other dinosaur weights are getting lower,” Sellers explained. The new estimates, he said, “reflect a better understanding of biology, and I think the early estimates were set in that big, fat and slow lizard mindset before the dinosaur renaissance. I think we will find that the lower estimates are much more appropriate for many dinosaurs.”

The Transit of Venus: Now and Then

Today, June 5th, astronomers and space enthusiasts will be able to experience the transit of Venus, a rare planetary alignment that helped scientists map out our solar system many years ago. The second since 2004, the phenomenon won’t occur again until December 2117.

For centuries, astronomers have studied the transit with the goal of estimating the distance between Earth and the sun. Explorers competed for viewing locations, and watched the Venus crossed the sun over a six hour period.

Modern technology has allowed scientists to reach more accurate readings of the distance between our world and the sun, as well as the other planets in our solar system, but the transit of Venus remains an iconic event in astronomic development. The occurrence also aids astronomers in their search for other planets outside our solar system today.
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New Study Reveals: Natural Trans-Fats Not Harmful to Health

A recent study has researched the various ‘families’ of trans-fat and their impact on a person’s health, providing new insight into an old argument.

According to a group of Canadian scientists, ruminant animals like cattle, goats and sheep produce a type of natural trans-fat that, unlike its industrial counterpart, is actually beneficial to our health.

“We are learning there is a very important public health message to convey about ruminant natural trans-fats that have been targeted as harmful to health,” explains University of Alberta’s Director of the Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Dr. Spencer Proctor.

“The research indicates that consuming these natural trans-fats as part of a balanced diet is not a health concern. On the contrary, there is increasing evidence these are ‘good fats’ and could be fundamentally health-enhancing. They should not be an unintended target of the bid to rid the diet of trans-fats.”

The research team explained that the new information is based on numerous studies involving both animals and humans.
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Jean-Michel Chardigny, who also researched the animal-produced trans-fat, said: “Our knowledge of natural trans-fats is relatively recent and we will continue to learn more about the human health implications.” He added, “But clearly we know they are different from industrial trans-fats and should not be painted with the same brush.”

In a meta-analysis of 13 human studies, Chardigny found that while industrial trans-fats may have a negative effect on health, there is currently no information that suggests similar issues with the natural substance.

“There is no association between natural trans-fats intake and cholesterol-dependent cardiovascular risk factors,” he said. “The findings indicate that intake of natural trans-fats is not associated with coronary heart disease within the range of intake in the general population.”

America Celebrates National Donut Day

This past Friday was National Donut Day. Though it sounds more like an internet scheme, the national food holiday, which is held on the first Friday of every June, can actually be traced back to the WWI.

National Donut Day was established in 1938, set up right after Memorial Day, to celebrate another type of U.S. troop- women with the Salvation Army who delivered doughnuts and coffee to soldiers during the war.

Though the actual origin of the food is disputed, with many claiming the donut was brought by Dutch settlers, or invented by an American man named Hansen Gregory, the ring-shaped cake America enjoys today may have originated from the Salvation Army. The very first was given to a man in uniform by Helen Purvience, an ensign nurse. The treat later spread throughout the ranks, becoming a staple food for the soldiers. The Salvation Army’s recipe has since been modified, but closely resembles the one used by most eateries today.

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In honor of the food holiday, several franchises distributed free doughnuts. Krispy Kreme offered a free donut per customer, no purchase necessary, while Dunkin’ Donuts handed out free donuts with each beverage bought. Local chains like Lamar’s Donuts and Tim Horton’s are also participating through various means. Meanwhile, Entenmann’s, the leading baked-good producer, served the largest box of donuts ever made, and donated $25,000 to the Salvation Army as well.  

 

‘Living Wax Museum’ Teaches Third-Graders History

A few days ago, third graders from the Coronado Village Elementary School participated in an annual ‘living wax museum’ in their school cafeteria.

The event aims to introduce children to important historical figures in a fun, creative, and personal way. The children learn about Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, Leonardo da Vinci and many others by dressing up and presenting their characters to an audience.

“The wax museum project has been going on for longer than I’ve been teaching here,” explained third-grade teacher Heather Schumacher. “The kids pick a historical figure that they want to learn more about and they spend several weeks researching the, creating a speech, and they pretend to be that person.”

In other words, the children are the ‘wax’ exhibit, dressed up and standing next to a detailed timeline and table display. Students and visiting parents walk through the stands, where they press fake buttons to prompt the ‘wax figures’ to begin their speeches.

Some of the participating students include Jazlynn Puga, 9, Steven Stein, Deja Rascoe and Stephonn Blue. Puga chose to portray Mother Teresa.
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“I want to be like my mom. She helps kids that don’t have a home or they don’t have their family,” Puga explained. Her mother added that she works to instill appreciation and support amongst Jazlynn and her two sisters, Jazmine and Jackelyn.

Steven Stein chose Leonardo da Vinci.

“I chose him because I’ve seen him in many video games, and I thought it would be interesting to see what he was like in real life,” he said. He worked hard on his costume, and even delivered his speech in a heavy Italian accent.

‘Nuisance’ Seaweed May Hold Key to Future Arthritis Treatment

Arthritis is a painful joint condition that can dramatically impact the lives of those it afflicts. Medicines and treatments are limited, and a cure has yet to be found.

However, scientists recently discovered that a seaweed known as a ‘nuisance’ in coral reefs in Hawaii may be able to lessen arthritic pain, as well as that of other ailments, including cancer and heart conditions.

The seaweed, a cause of coral bleaching, is home to billions of tiny photosynthetic organisms called cynobacterium. These release a compound with powerful anti-inflammatory abilities, and anti-bacterial proWilperties as well.

The discovery began back in 2008, when researchers from UC San Diego uncovered the cynobacterium off the coast of Kona, Hawaii. In 2009, they removed a sample from the seaweed blooms, which revealed the ‘honaucin’ compounds, which contain the unique anti-inflammatory properties.

“In different arenas these compounds could be helpful, such as treating chronic inflammatory conditions for which we currently don’t have really good medicines,” said Research Professor William Gerwick.
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Jennifer Smith, assistant professor, added: “These organisms have been on the planet for millions of years and so it is not surprising that that have evolved numerous strategies for competing with neighboring species, including chemical warfare.

“Several species of cyanobacteria and algae are known to produce novel compounds, many that have promising use in drug development for human and other uses,” she continued.

“I think this finding is a nice illustration of how we need to look more deeply in our environment because even nuisance pests, as it turns out, are not just pests,” Professor Gerwick said. “It’s a long road to go from this early stage discovery to application in the clinic but it’s the only road if we want new and more efficacious medicines.”