Dolphins- The Second Most Intelligent Species After Humans?

New research has revealed that dolphins may possess similar brainpower to humans. The marine mammal has hinted at skills and awareness previously believed to be limited to humans alone.

MRI scans demonstrate that dolphin brains, like human ones, are four or five times larger than those of other, similarly-sized animals, explained Lori Marino, a leading dolphin expert and senior lecturer in neuroscience and behavioral biology at Emory University.

“If we use relative brain size as a metric of ‘intelligence’ then one would have to conclude that dolphins are second in intelligence to modern humans,” she said.

Marino addresses two additional points to prove her case: first, the dolphin neocortex, which managed high-order thinking and emotional processes, is highly developed in dolphins, and second, dolphins exhibit many human-like skills, such as cultural learning, self-recognition, communication through symbols, and the ability to grasp abstract concepts.

Another study strengthens Marino’s claim, but from a different perspective altogether; dolphins may use complex, non-linear mathematics throughout their hunts.

Tim Leighton, study author, was first inspired to research the idea after watching the Discovery Channel’s ‘Blue Planet.’

“I immediately got hooked, because I knew that no man-made sonar would be able to operate in such bubble water,” he said, referring to the hundreds of bubbles that form around the dolphins’ prey during a hunt.

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“These dolphins were either ‘blinding’ their most spectacular sensory apparatus when hunting- though they still have sight to rely on- or they have sonar that can do what human sonar cannot… Perhaps they have something amazing,” he continued.

“Bubbles cause false alarms because they scatter strongly,” Leighton explained, “and a dolphin cannot afford to waste its energy chasing false alarms while the real fish escape.”

Leighton believes the marine mammals rely on a complex mathematical process that is based on the fact that the emitted pulses vary in amplitude; one may have a value of 1, while the next is a half of that amplitude. If his theory is correct, there are two stages to the hunt.

“So, provided the dolphin remembers what the ratios of the two pulses were, and can multiply the second echo by that and add the echoes together, it can make fish visible to its sonar. This is detection enhancement,” Leighton said.

The second stage works to differentiate between bubbles and actual prey by subtracting the echoes from one another. The math is complicated, but basically renders the fish visible to sonar through addition, and then invisible by subtraction- confirming the target.

Further research is required to validate Leighton’s theory, but several different angles have implied that dolphins may indeed be the second most intelligent animals on Earth today.

American Writers Museum Plans Released

For over a year, the American Writers Museum Foundation has been working to develop a plan for a site focused on honoring great U.S. authors. On July 16th, the organization released a detailed outline for such a museum.

The museum, which will likely be built in Chicago, Illinois, will cover 60,000 feet, according to the foundation. The goal is to have the first 20,000 feet completed by 2015. Funded by the Stead Family Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, the idea is the brainchild of numerous authors, museum workers and designers from New York, Boston and Chicago.

Jim Leach, chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, explained:

“There is a void in the American museum world. We collect in central points the artifacts of civilization and honor politicians and soldiers, athletes and artists, inventors and entrepreneurs, but we neglect our writers. In a country established as an idea explicated in written documents and embellished by generations of poets, novelists and critics, the case for commemorating the written word is self-evident. After all, what is written describes a people and what is celebrated defines their values.”

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The museum concept plan, published by the American Writers Museum Foundation, adds:

“Here is what The American Writers Museum will be: It will be a place where diverse audiences have unique and unexpected encounters with American writers and writing; it will be a place with engagement so compelling it will be a must-see, must-do part of the nation’s cultural landscape.”

The museum layout will feature several attractions, including an education center, theater, bookstore, literary lounge and café. The writers’ hall will be arranged in several themed sets, such as ‘American Towns’, ‘Conflict’, and ‘American Families.’ Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women, or The Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder, for example, could be found in the American Families wing.

HIIT Exercise and Fitting Fitness Into a Busy Schedule

Many people recognize the necessity of exercise and its significant impact on an entire lifestyle, but have difficulty integrating it into their daily routine. One of the most common excuses is lack of time; how can a working mother, for example, fit a sufficient amount of exercise into her busy week?

Gretchen Reynolds, a physical education expert, addresses the issue. She recommends HIIT workouts,or high impact interval training, to solve this issue.

This approach to fitness requires a total of 20 minutes, three times a week. By focusing the body on quick, short bursts of intense training, it keeps energy levels high and calories burning for hours after the fact.

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Here, Sean Patrick Farrell and Gretchen Reynolds present the method, and provide tips for beginners.

 

Summer Recipes: Lemonade with Berry Ice Cubes

The past few days have been unbearably hot, and for those without easy access to a pool or sprinkler, it can be difficult to pass the time. A great activity for a summer day, especially if there are kids around, is experimenting with icey drink recipes.

Disney’s FamilyFun suggests a foolproof, delicious recipe for lemonade with berry ice cubes- a colorful, sweet treat that gets better as the ice melts.

The ingredients needed are:

  • An 11.5-oz. can of frozen berry mix or strawberry concentrate
  • 24 raspberries or 8 strawberries, sliced
  • 2 quarts of water
  • 1 1/3 cups of sugar (or more)
  • 1 1/3 cups fresh lemon juice
  • 8 slices of lemon
  • 8 sprigs of mint

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First, combine the juice concentrate and a can of water. Mix until smooth. Pour into ice trays, and add raspberries or strawberries to the molds. Freeze.

In the meantime, combine sugar and 2 quarts of water in a saucepan and boil. Stir and simmer until sugar is dissolved, then remove from heat. Add lemon juice to the mixture- stir well.

Add the berry cubes to 8 glasses of lemonade- don’t forget to place the lemon slices on the rims, and garnish with mint. Enjoy!

Love Rollercoasters? Have Even More Fun in the Rain

If you’re a glutton for speed and love roller coasters – you might just want to check out the amusement parks during the rainy season. That’s the finding this month in England, as they’ve been getting pummeled with rainy weather.

Thorpe Park, a theme park in Surrey, UK, recently had the research done for them. And they’ve found that the rides increase in speed dramatically in rainy weather.  Thorpe Park has a new ride, The Swarm, which just opened this year and usually reaches speeds of 92 km per hour.

With the June rain, they were shocked to see the ride increase to 103 km per hour, 11 km faster than normal.  The ride has a 127 ft head first drop and five inversions. As Mike Vallis, the Thorpe Park divisional director said, “All of our rides at Thorpe Park are fully equipped to endure extreme weather conditions, but we were really surprised by how much The Swarm increased in speed last month.”

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He continued, “Rainy conditions are generally known to affect the speed of any steel rollercoaster, but the suddenness of June’s downpours went some way in intensifying the experience for riders – a terrifying thing for some, a thrill-seeker’s dream for others!”

Riders should get themselves ready for some intense riding after the rains!

Jim Deitz’s Polka Dot House: Cheerful or Garish?

Artistic expression comes in many forms, and often sparks controversy. Jim Deitz’s polka-dot house is no exception.

Covered in colorful, slightly imperfect circles, the two-story building is located in Grand Forks. Deitz, a retired house painter, is currently in the process of transforming the house into a unique apartment rental complex. He believes the colorful exterior adds personality and cheer to the street, and adds that “pizza delivery drivers won’t have any trouble finding this place. You can’t miss it!”

However, some of the neighbors consider the conspicuous decor to be disruptive and jarring for nearby residents and passers-by.

“I think my opinion is the same as anybody- I wouldn’t want to be living next to it,” said city planner Ryan Brooks.

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Though relatively rare, these wacky houses can be found in several cities. According to Yahoo! News:

Back in February, an Orange County couple turned their house into a bright green billboard in order to pay their mortgage, much to the dismay of neighboring families. In Edenton, North Carolina, one home’s purple shutters had locals screaming to City Hall. And in Thorntown, Indiana, homeowners raged against one resident’s outrageous lawn decorations, which include a giant Styrofoam alligator and a graffiti-covered motorboat…

But is it art?